tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21341570804884008712024-02-19T05:00:27.764+03:30Six Sigma Methodology & LeanContinuous efforts to reduce variation in process outputs is key to business successAuthor: Taha Zamirpour, MEng., MBB, MBAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08064568397261794257noreply@blogger.comBlogger18125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2134157080488400871.post-17320819976189020672019-06-11T10:11:00.001+04:302019-06-11T10:12:26.421+04:30Introduction to Six Sigma-Movie<b><br /></b>
<b>Introduction to Six Sigma :</b><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dw2oFlK6mgs3dilHJbyvvD24M_oOdl7CKiSFyRY2aifbjDw8JOeeRgMgFiHVDedjbI4tu--iM6xG50AkCUpwg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Purpose of Six Sigma : To make customer happier and increase Enterprise profits </blockquote>
Author: Taha Zamirpour, MEng., MBB, MBAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08064568397261794257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2134157080488400871.post-37348431364126888882019-06-11T09:54:00.002+04:302019-06-11T09:54:46.944+04:30What is Lean Six Sigma?<br />
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<iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/PHOppLiEG0o/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PHOppLiEG0o?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: pre-wrap;">What is Lean Six Sigma? The power of combining the two methods. The Lean Six Sigma Company.</span></blockquote>
Author: Taha Zamirpour, MEng., MBB, MBAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08064568397261794257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2134157080488400871.post-79977749581908215362019-06-10T23:43:00.001+04:302019-06-10T23:43:07.598+04:30Lean Six Sigma For Dummies - Book of the Day<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif9MdmgjmpdHTPpc4zyqPF841-I_dqXVoM_x973Ywjc2M3h394vAg0IgL04riPv_J0Eoxsgd5oZGVd_7tGoe6JIcGo72ANHfU6UusNH2FlXQZ7DHVG9bzN9w9_zWaVQry6tO73Y-vxB4YP/s1600/lean+six+sigma.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif9MdmgjmpdHTPpc4zyqPF841-I_dqXVoM_x973Ywjc2M3h394vAg0IgL04riPv_J0Eoxsgd5oZGVd_7tGoe6JIcGo72ANHfU6UusNH2FlXQZ7DHVG9bzN9w9_zWaVQry6tO73Y-vxB4YP/s1600/lean+six+sigma.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Maximise the quality and efficiency of your organisation with Lean Six Sigma</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"></span><br />
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; padding: 0px;">
Are you looking to make your organisation more effective and productive? If you answered "yes," you need to change the way it thinks. Combining the leading improvement methods of Six Sigma and Lean, this winning technique drives performance to the next level—and this friendly and accessible guide shows you how. The third edition of <i>Lean Six Sigma For Dummies</i> outlines the key concepts of this strategy and explains how you can use it to get the very best out of your team and your business.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; padding: 0px;">
The jargon-crowded language and theory of Lean Six Sigma can be intimidating for both beginners and experienced users. Written in plain English and packed with lots of helpful examples, this easy-to-follow guide arms you with tools and techniques for implementing Lean Six Sigma and offers guidance on everything from policy deployment to managing change in your organisation—and everything in between.</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">
<li>Gives you plain-English explanations of complicated jargon</li>
<li>Serves as a useful tool for businesspeople looking to make their organisation more effective</li>
<li>Helps you achieve goals with ease and confidence</li>
<li>Provides useful hands-on checklists</li>
</ul>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; padding: 0px;">
Whether you want to manage a project more tightly or fine-tune existing systems and processes, the third edition of <i>Lean Six Sigma For Dummies</i> makes it easier to achieve your business goals.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; padding: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; padding: 0px;">
<a href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Lean_Six_Sigma_For_Dummies.html?id=ZlazCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button#v=onepage&q&f=false">Lean Six Sigma for Dummies - Book of the day</a></div>
Author: Taha Zamirpour, MEng., MBB, MBAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08064568397261794257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2134157080488400871.post-17985732784517627882019-06-10T14:26:00.000+04:302019-06-10T22:44:06.936+04:30Phase of DMAIC in which tool is most commonly used<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Tool Name<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td colspan="5" style="background: #CCCCCC; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 40.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 257.4pt;" width="343"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Phase of DMAIC in which tool is most commonly used<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Define,
Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">D<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">M<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">A<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">C<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Affinity Diagram<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Brainstorming<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Business case<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Cause and Effect Diagrams<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Project Charter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Consensus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Control Charts<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">For continuous Data<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Individuals<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">X-Bar, R<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">EWMA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">For discrete data<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">P,nP<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>C,U</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">CTQ (Critical To Quality)
Tree<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Data Collection Forms<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Check Sheet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Frequency Plot Check Sheet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Confirmation Check Sheet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Concentration Diagram<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Data Collection Plan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Design Of Experiments<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Full Factorial<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Reduced Fractions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Screening Designs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Plackett-Burnham Designs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">More than Two Levels <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Flow Diagrams <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Frequency Plots<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -14.4pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">FMEA<i>
(Failure Mode And Effect Analysis)</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 16;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Gage R&R<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 17;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Hypothesis Tests<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">T-Test<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Paired t-test<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">ANOVA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Chi Square<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 18;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><u1:city w:st="on"><u1:place w:st="on">Kano</u1:place></u1:city>
Model<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 19;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Planning Tools<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Gantt Charts<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Planning Grid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 20;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Pareto Charts<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 21;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Prioritization Matrix<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 22;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Process Capability <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 23;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Process Sigma<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 24;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Quality Control Process
Chart<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 25;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Regression <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 26;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Rolled Throughput Yield <i>(RTY)
</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 27;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Sampling<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 28;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Scatter Plots<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 29;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">SIPOC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 30;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Stakeholder Analysis <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 31;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Standardization <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 32;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Stratification <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" valign="top" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 33;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Stratified Frequency Plots <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 34;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Times Series Plot <i>(Run
Charts)</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 35; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 185.4pt;" width="247"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">VOC <i>(Voice Of Customer)</i>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "symbol";"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">·</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.45pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.5pt;" width="69"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
Author: Taha Zamirpour, MEng., MBB, MBAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08064568397261794257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2134157080488400871.post-15699065219579555262010-03-01T12:29:00.000+03:302010-03-01T12:19:55.586+03:30Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) and Crystal Ball Case Study<span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" ><o:p></o:p></span><div class="Section1"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >Background <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >In this case study, we are a compressor manufacturer in the process of developing a new type of compressor. Our project team was charged with developing the design for the compressor using Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) tools and techniques. As we worked through the DMA</span><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >DV (Define, Measure, Analyze, Design, Verify) process, we used simulation and optimization to provide project justification, lend insight into the critical drivers of quality, and help create a cost effective design th</span><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >at meets customer requirements.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >For DFSS, critical benefits of simulation and optimization are</span><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" > the ability to prototype new products or processes without an appreciable investment of time or money, minimal defects, and sales driven through improved customer satisfaction.</span><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >Define</span><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >The first step in our Six Sigma process was to estimate the financial impact of this project. We started by developing a simple spreadsheet model (DFSS Case Study Defin</span><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >e.xls) in Microsoft<sup><span style="position: relative; top: -4pt;">® </span></sup>Excel to take into account the greatest risks in developing this new product. We considered three major areas of concern: technical feasibility, manufacturing capability, and market uptake. Once the model was complete, we used Crystal Ball<sup><span style="position: relative; top: -4pt;">® </span></sup>to define the variability or uncertainty around project elements (as probability distributions) and simulate potential outcomes (Figure 1). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo8z1T__kxdvLLVqId-PrAVJJ6jySuFTuRWxDVKP5v491L7t602EsEg8WPYSVogAosv_Z_F1lshooXANw-l4jQrDm8k1BaUJdAwnJ-SmJoMbtOBBQtONqFZAFBc4r5AN3fopP24E7Ezh8V/s1600-h/clip_image002.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo8z1T__kxdvLLVqId-PrAVJJ6jySuFTuRWxDVKP5v491L7t602EsEg8WPYSVogAosv_Z_F1lshooXANw-l4jQrDm8k1BaUJdAwnJ-SmJoMbtOBBQtONqFZAFBc4r5AN3fopP24E7Ezh8V/s320/clip_image002.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166759201139425186" border="0" /></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >Figure 1. Forecast Chart for Product NPV <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >Using this model, we predicted a 72% overall probability of success. While the success rate</span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwJtUJJUJ3SnXzcJkl6r8N-dYvfhOxtmTkIuqML_mtvlL22w86F5s5-7jxU5_ikYEsfRKaJ-tE-k9Ea3wlmunCBYku_XyJp-zQXaoJFoPHK77rCj304ZYFRU08N9P-8QT9ewUPic6EUxOp/s1600-h/clip_image002.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwJtUJJUJ3SnXzcJkl6r8N-dYvfhOxtmTkIuqML_mtvlL22w86F5s5-7jxU5_ikYEsfRKaJ-tE-k9Ea3wlmunCBYku_XyJp-zQXaoJFoPHK77rCj304ZYFRU08N9P-8QT9ewUPic6EUxOp/s320/clip_image002.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166760227636608962" border="0" /></a><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" > for the product was not exceptional, the potential rewards of this project were great, compared to the relatively minor risk. The percentile values of the NPV forecast shown in Figure 2 illustrate that the likelihood of losing more than $1.9MM was only 10% while the likelihood of creating an NPV of at least $49MM was more than 70%. Based on this information, the team and process leader decided to proceed with the project. We could have also developed models to forecast the projected timeline for the project and the required resources in the Define phase.</span><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" > <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;color:navy;" > </span> <div class="Section2"> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY1YKX-64wSfkrOGpC-TuKOzGTBqajIQuBbAoZ9wWNfi8V8exhjy3TzSUrFeHjym0LYrQbEjz8ciPtdnATAeAev-kiXWdjR7gOQh1FMdq3_ycDF_mj5hUqDwPRWKqoF3tfJS0uAy33M2zZ/s1600-h/clip_image002.jpg"><img style="cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY1YKX-64wSfkrOGpC-TuKOzGTBqajIQuBbAoZ9wWNfi8V8exhjy3TzSUrFeHjym0LYrQbEjz8ciPtdnATAeAev-kiXWdjR7gOQh1FMdq3_ycDF_mj5hUqDwPRWKqoF3tfJS0uAy33M2zZ/s320/clip_image002.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5166759591981449138" border="0" /></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >Figure 2. Percentile Values for the NPV Forecast <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >Measure <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >In the measure phase, we needed to establish valid and reliable metrics to help monitor our progress towards the project goals. Our primary goal was to establish the Critical-to-Quality (CTQ) characteristics. Based on our customer feedback, we know the top CTQ is flow rate through the compressor. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >We built a model (DFSS Case Study Measure.xls) to calculate the flow rate from the input parameters. We applied Crystal Ball assumptions to each of the input parameters to describe their variability in previous systems. The data for these parameters were available from similar compressor systems our company had already designed. We then ran a simulation and viewed the Sensitivity Chart (Figure 3) for the Flow Rate, which we have defined as a forecast. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" ><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:4in;height:207pt'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\DEAR-U~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.png" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><br /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >Figure 3. Sensitivity Analysis of Flow Rate <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;color:navy;" > </span> <div class="Section3"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >The variability in the piston stroke length was the primary contributor to the variability in the mass flow rate. In order to produce compressors with the least variability in the flow rate (as desired by our customers), we had to minimize the variability in the piston stroke length of the compressor. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >Analyze <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >Next, in the Analyze phase, we needed to determine our design options for the piston assembly. We developed a model (DFSS Case Study Analyze.xls) that calculated the piston stroke length using the pre-defined piston dimensions and user-defined Decision Variables for the nominal values of arm length and crank length. Decision variables are model inputs over which we have control and wish to optimize. Both simulation and optimization play an important role in the design analysis, and we needed to run an optimization on these two elements to ensure a proper design. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >Since the crank angle producing the maximum stroke length depends on the arm length and crank length, we wrote a simple macro that invokes Solver prior to each simulation to find this crank angle based on the two decision variables. The macro was called before each simulation through a setting defined in the Crystal Ball run preferences. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >We ran OptQuest<sup><span style="position: relative; top: -4pt;">®</span></sup>, the optimization tool in Crystal Ball Professional Edition, with the objective of minimizing the mean error from the target piston stroke length. We used OptQuest’s Solution Analysis tool (Figure 4) to analyze multiple designs that resulted in a nominal stroke length very near 30.80. The optimal stroke length had been determined earlier in the design of the compressor. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" ><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:342pt;height:249pt'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\DEAR-U~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.png" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/DEAR-U%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image008.jpg" shapes="_x0000_i1028" width="456" height="332" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >Figure 4. Analysis of Near-Optimal Solutions in OptQuest <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;color:navy;" > </span> <div class="Section4"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >OptQuest quickly identified five solutions that closely approximate the desired stroke length of 30.80, and these are the solutions we compared in the Design phase. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >Design <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >In this phase of development, we designed the product so that it met customer requirements. With five possible piston assembly solutions from the Analyze phase, our goal was to choose the optimum quality design that was also cost efficient. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >The variation (uncertainty) in this design model was represented by the error in each of the five piston dimensions used in the calculation of piston stroke length. We defined these errors as normal assumptions. We then modified our compressor model to include cost functions and levels of machined quality for each of the five dimensions. Because we have control over the desired level of quality, we defined these five quality factors as decision variables. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >We also calculated total cost to produce one million in specification parts based on these quality costs and the simulated DPMO. As we increased quality (and decreased variability), our machining costs increased, so we needed our optimization to determine the lowest possible cost we could expect for the required level of piston quality. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >We ran OptQuest on the model (DFSS Case Study Design.xls), with the objective of minimizing the total cost to produce 1,000,000 in specification parts. OptQuest minimized cost by adjusting the nominal crank and arm lengths as well as the quality level of each of the five parameters that determine piston stroke length. The results are displayed below in Figure 5. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" ><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:387pt;height:278.25pt'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\DEAR-U~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image009.png" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/DEAR-U%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image010.jpg" shapes="_x0000_i1029" width="516" height="371" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >Figure 5. Optimization to Minimize Total Cost <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;color:navy;" > </span> <div class="Section5"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >The Performance Graph, shown in the bottom of Figure 5, is useful for gauging OptQuest’s progress. As the graph leveled off and remained unchanged, we deduced that OptQuest had converged on an optimal or near-optimal solution. OptQuest selected the third design solution with a total cost of $17 million, which met our cost expectations. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >Verify <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >But did this final design meet customer requirements? The Verify phase required us to check that the customer needs were satisfied. We copied the optimum design parameters back into our Excel model and ran the simulation for 10,000 trials. We found that with these design parameters and specification limits, only about 84% of our production would be within the specification limits. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" ><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:297pt;height:3in'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\DEAR-U~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image011.png" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/DEAR-U%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image012.jpg" shapes="_x0000_i1030" width="396" height="288" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >Figure 6. Certainty of achieving specification limits <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >While the economic analysis indicated that this was the most cost-effective solution, we were charged with designing a piston assembly that provides 95% certainty of a stroke length between 30.70 and 30.90. To solve this problem, we returned to OptQuest one last time. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >With this in mind, we ran the optimization again, this time with a requirement of 95% certainty that the stroke length was within the specification limits and the objective of minimizing total cost to produce 1,000,000 in specification parts. The resulting optimization is shown in Figure 7. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" ><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:333pt;height:238.5pt'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\DEAR-U~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image013.png" title=""> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/DEAR-U%7E1/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image014.jpg" shapes="_x0000_i1031" width="444" height="318" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;color:navy;" > </span> <div class="Section6"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >Figure 7. Minimization of Costs Subject to 95% in Specification Requirement <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >This new optimization, which selected design solution 1, was successful. While the costs rose to $24 million, we ensured that 95% of the piston assemblies would produce a maximum stroke length within specifications. Based on this design, our company created a compressor with few defects and our customers were satisfied. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >Conclusion <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><st1:place st="on"><span style="color:navy;">Monte Carlo</span></st1:place></span><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" > simulation and optimization have a crucial role to play in all phases of a Design for Six Sigma project. Without the ability to run simulations, spreadsheets alone can provide only a limited understanding of the variability surrounding a process or project design. Crystal Ball Professional Edition overcomes the limitations of spreadsheets by enhancing Excel with user-friendly tools for <st1:place st="on">Monte Carlo</st1:place> simulation and global optimization. By moving to a probabilistic methodology, DFSS practitioners can better quantify the effects of variability and implement robust product designs with greater insight and confidence. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" >For more information on how Crystal Ball is used for Six Sigma, visit the Crystal Ball Web site (www.crystalball.com/sixsigma). <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div><span style=";font-family:";font-size:85%;color:navy;" ></span><span style=";font-size:85%;color:navy;" ><o:p></o:p></span>Author: Taha Zamirpour, MEng., MBB, MBAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08064568397261794257noreply@blogger.com13tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2134157080488400871.post-59957231650858999302009-02-13T11:11:00.004+03:302009-02-13T11:18:27.187+03:3010 Ways to Failure for a New Six Sigma Deployment<span style="color:#000099;"></span><br /><strong><em><span style="color:#000099;">10 Ways to Failure for a New Six Sigma Deployment</span></em></strong><br /><div align="justify"><br /><span style="color:#000099;">The returns from a well-deployed Six Sigma initiative can be richly rewarding. The results of many business organizations stand in testimony to that. But the opposite also is true. Ten major points are critical to the success or failure of a Six Sigma deployment. Here the points are outlined as the 10 ways that a Six Sigma initiative can fail:<br /><br /><br /><em>1- Lack of Commitment from the Top<br />2- Part-time Black Belts<br />3- Projects Not Linked to Organizational Objectives<br />4- Focusing on Quantity Instead of Quality<br />5- No Review Mechanism<br />6- No Visible Reward and Recognition Mechanism<br />7- No Infrastructural Support to Teams Working on Projects<br />8- Copy-and-Paste Deployment<br />9- Too Much Insistence on Statistics and Tools<br />10- Expecting Too Much and Too Soon</em></span></div><div align="justify"><em><span style="color:#000099;"></span></em> </div><div align="justify"><em><span style="color:#000099;">-</span></em></div><div align="justify"><em><span style="color:#000099;"></span></em></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"><span style="color:#000099;"></span></div><div align="justify"><em><span style="font-size:85%;color:#660000;">Ref: </span></em><a href="http://www.isixsigma.com/"><em><span style="font-size:85%;color:#660000;">www.isixsigma.com</span></em></a></div><div align="justify"><span style="color:#000099;"></span></div>Author: Taha Zamirpour, MEng., MBB, MBAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08064568397261794257noreply@blogger.com15tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2134157080488400871.post-20913020708589779852009-02-06T13:02:00.006+03:302009-02-06T13:35:59.253+03:30Advanced Product Quality Planning<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQYtOiKWHmlwLXXVKhcvAKy9NqlvR90UcKZU9P09-NbuMPOpZgw9O2TKy4O4W11b2zZxMPibMWq5-bjtrmBakWmZ6hQUKAuDEiy9iRIsXUgqhDLhShN1Ke-gKjiGq0cNISlnfmMQ0Egncb/s1600-h/pdca.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5299617018516300770" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 198px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 200px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQYtOiKWHmlwLXXVKhcvAKy9NqlvR90UcKZU9P09-NbuMPOpZgw9O2TKy4O4W11b2zZxMPibMWq5-bjtrmBakWmZ6hQUKAuDEiy9iRIsXUgqhDLhShN1Ke-gKjiGq0cNISlnfmMQ0Egncb/s200/pdca.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /><div align="justify"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl6ly77EcTUIeyicUXgIaRRNy2zpv6DMrpdV1CV1GEmHkiKL0hyzJvQqHbKmJg4E7e50Tqqj5jgZRWqKEYTGzJSi_8SQStODJm1O_Yl2Jq5LmfU2WRAnyEh7vQc8FiW_ttORh6zzu5ZaGI/s1600-h/pdca.JPG"><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></a><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></div><br /><div align="justify"><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size:85%;"><strong>FUNDAMENTALS OF PRODUCT QUALITY PLANNING</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></strong></div><div align="justify"><strong><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></strong></div><span style="font-size:85%;"><div align="justify"><br />Product Quality Planning is a structured method of defining and establishing the steps necessary to assure that a product satisfies the customer. The goal of product quality planning is to facilitate communication with everyone involved to assure that all required steps are completed on time.<br />Effective product quality planning depends on a company’s top management commitment to the effort required in achieving customer satisfaction. Some of the benefits of Product Quality Planning are:</div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"></div><br /><div align="justify"><br /><span style="color:#000099;"><strong><em>• To direct resources to satisfy the customer.</em></strong></span></div><span style="color:#000099;"><strong><em><br /><div align="justify"><br />• To promote early identification of required changes.</div><br /><div align="justify"><br />• To avoid late changes.</div><br /><div align="justify"><br />• To provide a quality product on time at the lowest cost.</em></strong></span></div><br /><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"><br />Each Product Quality Plan is unique. The actual timing and sequence of execution is dependent on customer needs and expectations and/or other practical matters. The earlier a work practice, tool, and/or analytical technique can be implemented in the Product<br />Quality Planning Cycle, the better.<br /></div></span><br /><br /><div align="justify"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="color:#993300;"><em><span style="font-size:78%;">Ref: Advanced Quality Manual Planning Manual ( AIAG)</span> </em></span></span></div><div align="justify"></div>Author: Taha Zamirpour, MEng., MBB, MBAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08064568397261794257noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2134157080488400871.post-58903459653198237632008-02-11T13:15:00.000+03:302019-06-10T22:08:46.480+04:30History of QFD<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-G57hVTDln_9I40fgmbUM7GLPDct-oh2LqdC9msHzDdoDYnkuii6KJ2kO73TPNbSMIj3LPD_WqGmPs6BNPbfXW-S5NUK8vYpkVcFpha8eHUJMGGiFj7nG8wszxhQPNurasvZHXayGV5Fg/s1600/serverppm.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="916" data-original-width="910" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-G57hVTDln_9I40fgmbUM7GLPDct-oh2LqdC9msHzDdoDYnkuii6KJ2kO73TPNbSMIj3LPD_WqGmPs6BNPbfXW-S5NUK8vYpkVcFpha8eHUJMGGiFj7nG8wszxhQPNurasvZHXayGV5Fg/s320/serverppm.gif" width="317" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: NewCenturySchlbk-Roman; font-size: 100%;">QFD was created by Mitsubishi Heavy Industry at Kobe Shipyards in the early 1970s. Stringent government regulations for military vessels coupled with the large capital outlay per ship forced Kobe Shipyard’s management to commit to upstream quality assurance. The <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Kobe</st1:place></st1:city> engineers drafted a matrix which relates all the government regulations, critical design requirements, and customer requirements to company technical controlled characteristics of how the company would achieve them. In addition, the matrix also depicted the relative importance of each entry, making it possible for important items to be identified and prioritized to receive a greater share of the available company resources. Winning is contagious. Other companies adopted QFD in the mid-1970s. For example, the automotive industry applied the first QFD to the rust problem. Since then, QFD usage has grown as a wellrooted methodology into many American businesses. It has become so familiar because of its adopted commandment: “Design it right the first time.”</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica-Bold; font-size: 10;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Author: Taha Zamirpour, MEng., MBB, MBAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08064568397261794257noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2134157080488400871.post-21321556514895850022008-02-05T19:18:00.000+03:302008-02-05T19:19:28.724+03:30Common Misperceptions about Six Sigma<table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 99.66%; margin-left: 0.75pt;" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="99%"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="doctext" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span class="docemphstrong"><b>Common Misperceptions about Six Sigma</b></span><b><o:p></o:p></b></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="doctext" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span class="docemphstrong"><b>The New Six Sigma Approach</b></span><b><o:p></o:p></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="doctext" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Six Sigma only applies in a manufacturing environment.<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="doctext" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Six Sigma provides tools that enable teams to improve any type of process, both continuous and transactional.<o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="doctext" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Six Sigma is too complicated and requires a Ph.D. in Statistics.<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="doctext" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Breakthroughs in desktop software and improved courseware enable teams to complete complex analysis and experiments quickly and easily.<o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="doctext" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Six Sigma projects can go on for months with no clear gains assured.<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="doctext" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Clear project charters, upfront financial benefits analysis, and executive accountability ensure timely completion of projects as well as significant financial returns on every project.<o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="doctext" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Six Sigma projects add to employee overload.<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="doctext" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Project prioritization and continuous management review ensure the optimization of team resources.<o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="doctext" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Six Sigma primarily focuses on cost reduction.<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="doctext" style="text-align: center;" align="center">While cost reduction is usually an important outcome, all projects first focus on meeting critical customer requirements.<o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="doctext" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Six Sigma programs create more "initiative of the month" confusion.<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="doctext" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Six Sigma can be the integrating force that brings current initiatives into alignment and focuses all initiatives on breakthrough business improvement.<o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="doctext" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Six Sigma is just another name for TQM.<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="doctext" style="text-align: center;" align="center">While Six Sigma utilizes many TQM tools, these tools are applied for breakthrough business improvement and sustainable financial returns.<o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="doctext" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Six Sigma requires heavy investment, with no clear line of sight to return on investment.<o:p></o:p></p> </td> <td style="padding: 0.75pt;"> <p class="doctext" style="text-align: center;" align="center">Investments in Six Sigma projects are accretive—all projects are selected based on their ability to achieve clear return-on-investment goals<o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table>Author: Taha Zamirpour, MEng., MBB, MBAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08064568397261794257noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2134157080488400871.post-27607449892495316462008-02-03T21:01:00.000+03:302008-02-03T21:12:45.878+03:30Getting Good Samples and Data<div align="justify"><a border="0"><strong><span style="font-size:85%;"><br />Statistics for Six Sigma Made Easy</span></strong></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;"><strong>by Warren Brussee</strong> </span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-size:78%;"></span> </div><div align="justify"><blockquote><strong><br />Issues in Getting Good Data<br /><br /></strong><a name="147"></a> </blockquote></div><div align="justify"><blockquote></blockquote></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"></div><div align="justify"><strong>Manufacturing</strong> Samples and the resultant data have to represent the total population, yet processes controlling the population are often changing dramatically, due to people, shift, environment, equipment, etc.</div><div align="justify"><br /><strong>Sales</strong> Sales forecasts often use sampling techniques in their predictions. Yet the total market may have many diverse groups to sample. These groups may be affected by many external drivers, like the economy.</div><div align="justify"><br /><strong>Marketing</strong> What data should be used to judge a marketing campaign's effectiveness, since so many other factors are changing at the same time?</div><a name="148"></a><a name="IDX-50"></a><div align="justify"><br /><strong>Software Development</strong> What are the main causes of software crashes and how would you get data to measure the "crash-resistance" of competing software?</div><div align="justify"><br /><strong>Receivables</strong> How would you get good data on the effectiveness of a program intended to reduce overdue receivables, when factors like the economy exert a strong influence and change frequently?</div><div align="justify"><br /><strong>Insurance</strong> How can data measuring the satisfaction with different insurance programs be compared when people covered by the programs are not identical? </div><div align="justify"></div>Author: Taha Zamirpour, MEng., MBB, MBAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08064568397261794257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2134157080488400871.post-19386306349876203282008-01-31T09:40:00.000+03:302008-01-31T10:13:12.177+03:30Variation is a serious thing<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.fmi.uni-sofia.bg/fmi/statist/education/textbook/ENG/graphics/ssiganimation.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px;" src="http://www.fmi.uni-sofia.bg/fmi/statist/education/textbook/ENG/graphics/ssiganimation.gif" alt="" border="0" /></a> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Many parts have to fit together to make a product, like a cell phone. When engineers design the parts, they account for the fact that all parts will display some amount of variation as they are produced. Variation is the degree to which a part, product, service, or transaction differs from all others in the same class or category. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">In the case of a phone, each class of parts, like the plastic casting, vary in size, weight, and even color. Just as the phone cases vary, so does the clear plastic display that covers the liquid crystal display. Then you have the many hinges, buttons, antenna, internal component, and so on. All these parts have to snap and fit together well if the phone is to perform its function to your satisfaction. In other words, you can only tolerate a certain amount of variation. A little too much variation and the phone won’t work property. A little more variation and it won’t work at all.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">And we all know who’s going to end up with the bad phone, right? <span style=""> </span></p>Author: Taha Zamirpour, MEng., MBB, MBAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08064568397261794257noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2134157080488400871.post-15203994598178283862008-01-27T13:13:00.000+03:302008-11-13T14:40:44.396+03:30Kaizen Adapting the culture<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRY9OSR0BcdhIEhNDoo1KnsR4lt0_ZgVvSOrrhCRFUsA9KjZT3tiBluAT2HcIRqqYjCYB4JjX7Ty8hyRJzqeJ8wM9PyMCi1aMKMlKNyl2aWwehRqIYzrmMU_SEYJ0hOJCSwsU4SpWzBfRa/s1600-h/kaizen2.gif"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRY9OSR0BcdhIEhNDoo1KnsR4lt0_ZgVvSOrrhCRFUsA9KjZT3tiBluAT2HcIRqqYjCYB4JjX7Ty8hyRJzqeJ8wM9PyMCi1aMKMlKNyl2aWwehRqIYzrmMU_SEYJ0hOJCSwsU4SpWzBfRa/s320/kaizen2.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5160091264004346962" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br />The Kaizen culture is one that requires discipline and dedication. It is not something that is isolated to management or non-management staff. It is a way of doing business. In adapting TFS culture to The Toyota Way, we should consider matching:<br />• Job related requirements, including:<br />o Ways to act<br />o Ways to think<br />o Key accountabilities<br />• Corporate goals<br />• Staff training and development<br />Human Resources will play a large roll in the facilitation and management of these activities. Translating The Toyota Way into meaningful actions is necessary to encourage and develop the people of TFS. Moments of truth where staff should encounter The Toyota Way are:<br />• Corporate, Business and Personal goals<br />• Induction and Orientation<br />• Job descriptions<br />• Training and Development<br />• Policies and ProceduresAuthor: Taha Zamirpour, MEng., MBB, MBAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08064568397261794257noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2134157080488400871.post-5990980795116795852008-01-25T13:59:00.000+03:302008-01-26T18:00:38.034+03:30Value Stream Mapping Movie<div style="text-align: center;"></div><blockquote style="text-align: center;"></blockquote><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Movie name: Value Stream Mapping </span><br /><blockquote style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="postbody"><span style="font-weight: bold;">By: </span><span style="font-size:78%;">Bill Webb & Jim Bickerstaff</span></span></span><br /></div><p align="left"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="postbody"><span style="font-size:78%;">January 2007<br /><a href="http://www.tpsmethods.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.</span></a></span></span><a href="http://www.tpsmethods.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"><span class="postbody">TPSmethods</span></span></a></span><a href="http://www.tpsmethods.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"><span class="postbody">.com/</span></span></a><br /></p></blockquote><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="postbody"><span style="font-size:78%;"><br /><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); text-align: left;"></div></span></span></span><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dy_YVcm8Se6hIPN-NWYUo4x2yzg5L-PJ7n6o3b92BaoXM_Kc1UKuUxCXRVNGuyHzngwbsrCavkjUU_ZFQHr0w' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b> </b></span></div><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><br /></b></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Value Stream Mapping</b> is a <a title="Lean manufacturing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean_manufacturing">Lean</a> technique used to analyse the flow of materials and information currently required to bring a product or service to a consumer. At <a title="Toyota" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota">Toyota</a>, where the technique originated, it is known as "Material and Information Flow Mapping"<br /></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="mw-headline"><strong>Implementation</strong></span></span></p><ol style="text-align: justify;"><br /><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Identify the target product, product family, or service.</span></li><br /><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Draw a current state value stream map, which is the current steps, delays, and information flows required to deliver the target product or service. This may be a production flow (raw materials to consumer) or a design flow (concept to launch). There are 'standard' symbols for representing supply chain entities.</span></li><br /><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Assess the current state value stream map in terms of creating <a title="Mura (Japanese term)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mura_%28Japanese_term%29">flow</a> by eliminating <a title="Muda" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muda">waste</a>.</span></li><br /><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Draw a future state value stream map.</span></li><br /><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Implement the future state.</span></li></ol>Author: Taha Zamirpour, MEng., MBB, MBAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08064568397261794257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2134157080488400871.post-58040201344518356242008-01-25T10:54:00.000+03:302008-11-13T14:40:44.522+03:30Benefits of Reaching Higher Sigma Levels<a style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl62OxZ64xSIORnLyzBIe46PhnQF13uxXewCy4Cv973ikGEZNvqIaqyb8GNU2PsExxmhi-tIOD8Q1w8L4lUmvPSzkRpEsPP6PGE-tT4kDXATH11tl2TaT-ebDNBtRzqbMofZCYeVcA6hTN/s1600-h/quaity_cost-by-sigma-level_6x4.png"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl62OxZ64xSIORnLyzBIe46PhnQF13uxXewCy4Cv973ikGEZNvqIaqyb8GNU2PsExxmhi-tIOD8Q1w8L4lUmvPSzkRpEsPP6PGE-tT4kDXATH11tl2TaT-ebDNBtRzqbMofZCYeVcA6hTN/s320/quaity_cost-by-sigma-level_6x4.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5159312148346917954" border="0" /></a><br /><p style="margin: 8px 5px; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);" align="center"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><b>The <a name="5objectives">Five Objectives</a> of Six Sigma</b></span></p> <ol style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><li style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> <p style="margin: 10px 5px 5px -5px;"> <span style="font-size: 9pt;"> <a href="http://www.1000ventures.com/business_guide/crosscuttings/customer_satisfaction.html">To satisfy the customer</a> </span></p></li><li style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> <p style="margin: 5px 5px 5px -5px;"> <a title="Efficiency Improvement" href="http://www.1000ventures.com/business_guide/effectiveness_operational.html"> To lift internal performance</a> </p></li><li style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> <p style="margin: 5px 5px 5px -5px;"> To enable better performance by better design </p></li><li style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> <p style="margin: 5px 5px 5px -5px;"> <a title="Supply Chain Management" href="http://www.1000ventures.com/business_guide/supply_chain_mgmt.html">To improve the quality of purchased supplies</a> </p></li><li> <p style="margin: 5px 5px -5px -5px;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> To reduce the costs</span> </p></li></ol><br /><p style="margin: 8px 5px; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);" align="center"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Six Main Benefits of the Sigma Breakthrough Strategy</b></span></p> <p style="margin: 10px 5px -10px 10px;"> <b><span style="font-size: 9pt;color:#000080;" >Remarkable improvements in:</span></b></p><ol style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><li style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> <p style="margin: 5px 5px 5px -5px;"> <span style="font-size: 9pt;">Processes </span></p></li><li style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> <p style="margin: 5px 5px 5px -5px;"> Products and services </p></li><li style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> <p style="margin: 5px 5px 5px -5px;"> Investor relations </p></li><li style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> <p style="margin: 5px 5px 5px -5px;"> Design methodology </p></li><li style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> <p style="margin: 5px 5px 5px -5px;"> Supplier relationships </p></li><li> <p style="margin: 5px 5px -5px -5px;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> Training and recruitment</span> </p></li></ol><br /><p style="margin: 8px 5px; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);" align="center"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Six Sigma tells you<sup>1</sup></b></span></p> <ul style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;"><li style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> <p style="margin: 10px 5px 5px -10px;"> <span style="font-size: 9pt;">Your don't know what you don't know </span></p></li><li style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> <p style="margin: 5px 5px 5px -10px;"> You can't do what you don't know </p></li><li style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> <p style="margin: 5px 5px 5px -10px;"> You don't know until you measure </p></li><li style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> <p style="margin: 5px 5px 5px -10px;"> You don't measure what you don't value </p></li><li> <p style="margin: 5px 5px -5px -10px;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"> You don't value what you don't measure</span> </p></li></ul><br /><p style="margin: 8px 5px; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);" align="center"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><b>The New Warrior Class</b></span></p> <ul style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><li> <p style="margin: 10px 5px 5px -10px;"> <b><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Green Belts</span></b><span style="font-size: 9pt;"> </span></p></li><li> <p style="margin: 5px 5px 5px -10px;"> <b>Black Belts`</b> </p></li><li> <p style="margin: 5px 5px 5px -10px;"> <b>Master Black Belts</b> </p></li><li> <p style="margin: 5px 5px -5px -10px;"> <b><span style="font-size: 9pt;">Champions</span></b> </p></li></ul>Author: Taha Zamirpour, MEng., MBB, MBAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08064568397261794257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2134157080488400871.post-63673223242930624172008-01-23T21:56:00.000+03:302008-01-23T22:12:59.637+03:30Six Sigma as a Methodology<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 102, 0);font-size:100%;" ><br /></span><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 102, 0);font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-size:78%;">Six Sigma Black Belt Handbook,<br />By: Thomas Mc Carty, Micheal Bremer, </span><br /></span><blockquote></blockquote><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">The Six Sigma methodology builds on the Six Sigma metric. Six Sigma </span><span style="font-size:100%;">practitioners measure and assess process performance using DPMO and </span><span style="font-size:100%;">sigma. They apply the rigorous DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, </span><span style="font-size:100%;">Improve, Control) methodology to analyze processes in order to root out</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">sources of unacceptable variation, and develop alternatives to eliminate or </span><span style="font-size:100%;">reduce errors and variation. Once improvements are implemented, controls </span><span style="font-size:100%;">are put in place to ensure sustained results. Using this DMAIC </span><span style="font-size:100%;">methodology has netted many organizations significant improvements in </span><span style="font-size:100%;">product and service quality and profitability over the last several years.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">The Six Sigma methodology is not limited to DMAIC. Other problem-</span><span style="font-size:100%;"></span><span style="font-size:100%;">solving techniques and methodologies are often used within the DMAIC </span><span style="font-size:100%;">framework to expand the tool set available to Six Sigma project teams.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;">These include:</span><br /><ul><li><span style="font-size:100%;"> Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ)</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Lean</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Ford 8Ds (Disciplines)</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-size:100%;"> 5 Whys</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Is/Is Not Cause Analysis</span></li></ul><span style="font-size:100%;">Utilizing the sigma metric and marrying this variety of approaches with</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">the DMAIC methodology, the Six Sigma methodology becomes a powerful</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">problem-solving and continuous improvement methodology.<br /><br /></span></div>Author: Taha Zamirpour, MEng., MBB, MBAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08064568397261794257noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2134157080488400871.post-46049527471380719272008-01-23T20:24:00.000+03:302008-01-23T20:26:11.357+03:30چند پرسش متداول در مورد شش سيگما<div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify;" dir="rtl"><strong><span style="color:#990000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma;" lang="AR-SA">سئوال اول: </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma;" dir="ltr"><o:p></o:p></span></span></strong></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify;" dir="rtl"><span style="color:#990000;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma;" lang="AR-SA"><strong>آیا شش سیگما نظیر<span> </span>سایر موارد کیفیت مدار دیگری نیست که در گذشته آغاز شدند و تقریباً تمام آن ها به شکست انجامیدند؟</strong></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma;" dir="ltr"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma;" lang="AR-SA"><o:p><span style="color:#000099;"> </span></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma;" lang="AR-SA"><span style="color:#000099;">پاسخ: <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify;" dir="rtl"><span style="color:#000099;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma;" lang="FA">این پرسش رایجترین پرسشی است که میشنویم. همچنان که پیشتر هم مطرح شد، شش سیگما از ابزارها و روشهایی مشابه با فعالیتهای کیفیتافزایی استفاده میکند اما تفاوتهای بسیاری بین<span> </span>شش سیگما و تلاشهای قبلی موجود است</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra';" lang="FA">.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma;" lang="AR-SA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify;" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma;" lang="FA"><span style="color:#000099;">نخست آن که دیگر فرایندهای کیفیتی هرگز نظر مدیران ارشد را جلب نکردند. حال فرایندها هر چه بود، چه کنترل آماری فرایند، مدیریت کیفیت جامع، برنامهریزی و چه دیگر موارد، خیلی به ندرت مدیریت در آنها درگیر شده است. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify;" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma;" lang="FA"><span style="color:#000099;">آن چه به طور معمول رخ میداد این بود که تیم پروژه بلافاصله از افرادی که به بهبود علاقهمند بودند، شکل میگرفت. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify;" dir="rtl"><span style="color:#000099;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma;" lang="FA">این تیمها تلاش کردند از روشها و ابزارهای کیفیت استفاده کنند و آنها را به کار ببرند؛ اما تمام این قبیل فعالیتها بدون حمایت مدیریت بودهاند. بنابراین هم تلاشها و هم نتایج حاصل شده ناقص بودهاند.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra';" lang="FA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify;" dir="rtl"><span style="color:#000099;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma;" lang="FA">شش سیگما متفاوت است زیرا مدیریت در آن حضور فعال دارد. جک ولش در جنرال الکتریک میگوید شش سیگما مهمترین راهکاری بوده است که در طی 20 سال خدمت خود در جنرال الکتریک به آن وارد کرده است. جفری ایمت، جانشین او، نیز در اولین گفتگوی خود با وال استریت ژورنال گسترش شش سیگما تا چهار برابر را یادآور شد. دو نفر از جانشینان بعدی ولش، جیمز مکنری و رابرت ناردلی، شش سیگما را در اولین ماه پس از ترک جنرال الکتریک به سازمانهای جدید خود بردند</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Tahoma;" lang="FA"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma;" lang="FA">(شرکتهای 3M، HOME DEPOT) </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'B Mitra';" lang="FA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify;" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#000099;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma;" lang="FA">چگونه شش سیگما حمایت چنین مدیران سطح بالایی را کسب کردهاست؟ زیرا مدیران مزبور از شش سیگما به صورت راهبردی و به عنوان ابزاری سطح بالا که آنها را قادر میکند به اهداف کسب و کار سازمان منبوعشان دست یایند مینگرند. با وجود حمایت، تشویق و تخصیص منابع از سوی مدیریت، شش سیگما بدل به راهی برای انجام کسب و کار در سازمانهایی شده است که از آن استقبال کردهاند. این مورد برای هیچ کدام دیگر از راهکارهاي کیفیتی دیگر صورت نگرفته است. چه تعدادی از دیگر ابزارهای کیفیتی مانند شش سیگما حمایت مدیریت را همراه خود داشتهاند.</span><span lang="FA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; text-align: justify;" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma;" lang="FA"><span style="color:#000099;">با چنین حمایتی از سوی مدیریت، نتایج مثبت هم بلافاصله از پی خواهند ماند. در ماههای اخیر سازمان مشاورهای ما (شركت اكس و شركا) به مشتریان خود برای کسب چندین میلیون دلار صرفهجویی و نیز جلب رضایت مشتریان کمک کرده است. یکی از مشتریان که در مبحث خدمات بازرگانی فعال است توانست زمان توزیع کارت اعتباری خود را از 38 روز به کمتر از 3 روز کاهش دهد. مشتری دیگر که تأمینکنندهی خدمات بهداشت و سلامت است، توانستهاست شکایتهای نامنتظر را کاهش داده و روند پذیرش بیماران را تسهیل کند. اگر راهکاری موفقیتآمیز باشد، به کار برده خواهد شد. این نوع نتایج باعث جلب مشارکت فعال مدیریت خواهد شد. هرگاه مدیریت از<span> </span>روندی حمایت کند، روند به کار خواهد افتاد. تفاوت شش سیگما و سایر فعالیتهای کیفیت افزایی در همین نهفته است.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span><p align="justify"><span style="font-size:85%;color:#cc6633;">برگردان از كتاب six sigma for everyone</span></p></span></span></span></div><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span> <p align="justify"><span style="font-size:85%;color:#cc6633;">نوشته : George Eckes</span></p></span></span></span></div>Author: Taha Zamirpour, MEng., MBB, MBAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08064568397261794257noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2134157080488400871.post-49841037153912139772008-01-23T20:18:00.000+03:302008-01-23T20:23:02.311+03:30What is Six Sigma?<h1><span style="font-size: 18pt; font-family: Arial;">Six Sigma - What is Six Sigma?</span></h1><span style="font-size:85%;">By:<a href="www.isixsigma.com"> www.isixsigma.com </a></span><br /><br /> <p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.isixsigma.com/me/six_sigma/">Six Sigma</a> at many organizations simply means a measure of quality that strives for near perfection. Six Sigma is a disciplined, <a href="http://www.isixsigma.com/st/data/">data-driven approach</a> and methodology for eliminating defects (driving towards six standard deviations between the mean and the nearest specification limit) in any process -- from manufacturing to transactional and from product to service.</span><o:p></o:p></p> <p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">The <a href="http://www.isixsigma.com/library/content/c010101a.asp">statistical representation</a> of Six Sigma describes quantitatively how a process is performing. To achieve Six Sigma, a process must not produce more than 3.4 defects per million opportunities. A Six Sigma defect is defined as anything outside of customer specifications. A Six Sigma opportunity is then the total quantity of chances for a defect. Process sigma can easily be calculated using a <a href="http://www.isixsigma.com/sixsigma/six_sigma_calculator.asp">Six Sigma calculator</a>.</span><o:p></o:p></p> <p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">The fundamental objective of the Six Sigma methodology is the implementation of a measurement-based strategy that focuses on process improvement and variation reduction through the application of <a href="http://www.isixsigma.com/me/project_selection/">Six Sigma improvement projects</a>. This is accomplished through the use of two Six Sigma sub-methodologies: DMAIC and DMADV. The <a href="http://www.isixsigma.com/me/dmaic/">Six Sigma DMAIC</a> process (define, measure, analyze, improve, control) is an improvement system for existing processes falling below specification and looking for incremental improvement. The <a href="http://www.isixsigma.com/me/dmadv/">Six Sigma DMADV</a> process (define, measure, analyze, design, verify) is an improvement system used to develop new processes or products at Six Sigma quality levels. It can also be employed if a current process requires more than just incremental improvement. Both Six Sigma processes are executed by Six Sigma Green Belts and <a href="http://www.isixsigma.com/ca/mbb_bb/">Six Sigma Black Belts</a>, and are overseen by <a href="http://www.isixsigma.com/ca/mbb_bb/">Six Sigma Master Black Belts</a>.</span><o:p></o:p></p> <p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Arial;">According to the <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Six</st1:PlaceName> <st1:placename st="on">Sigma</st1:PlaceName> <st1:placetype st="on">Academy</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>, Black Belts save companies approximately $230,000 per project and can complete four to 6 projects per year. General Electric, one of the most successful companies implementing Six Sigma, has estimated benefits on the order of $10 billion during the first five years of implementation. GE first began Six Sigma in 1995 after Motorola and Allied Signal blazed the Six Sigma trail. Since then, <a href="http://www.isixsigma.com/library/content/c010204a.asp#who">thousands of companies</a> around the world have discovered the far reaching benefits of Six Sigma.</span><o:p></o:p></p>Author: Taha Zamirpour, MEng., MBB, MBAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08064568397261794257noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2134157080488400871.post-10996881015001806842008-01-22T17:23:00.000+03:302008-01-22T17:30:21.736+03:30About Six Sigma<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><b>Six Sigma</b> is a set of practices originally developed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a> to systematically improve processes by eliminating defects.<sup id="_ref-ssdefnfin_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_sigma#_note-ssdefnfin" title="">[1]</a></sup> A defect is defined as nonconformity of a product or service to its specifications.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">While the particulars of the methodology were originally formulated by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Smith_%28Motorola_engineer%29" title="Bill Smith (Motorola engineer)">Bill Smith</a> at Motorola in 1986<sup id="_ref-ssorigin_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_sigma#_note-ssorigin" title="">[2]</a></sup>, Six Sigma was heavily inspired by six preceding decades of quality improvement methodologies such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_control" title="Quality control">quality control</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Quality_Management" title="Total Quality Management">TQM</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Defects" title="Zero Defects">Zero Defects</a>. Like its predecessors, Six Sigma asserts the following:</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Continuous efforts to reduce variation in process outputs is key to business success</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Manufacturing and business processes can be measured, analyzed, improved and controlled</span></li><li><span style="font-size:100%;">Succeeding at achieving sustained quality improvement requires commitment from the entire organization, particularly from top-level management</span></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">The term "Six Sigma" refers to the ability of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_capability" title="Process capability">highly capable processes</a> to produce output within specification. In particular, processes that operate with six sigma quality produce at defect levels below 3.4 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defects_per_million_opportunities" title="Defects per million opportunities">defects per (one) million opportunities</a> (DPMO)<sup id="_ref-ssdefn_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_sigma#_note-ssdefn" title="">[3]</a></sup>. Six Sigma's implicit goal is to improve all processes to that level of quality or better.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Six Sigma is a registered <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_mark" title="Service mark">service mark</a> and trademark of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>, Inc.<sup id="_ref-ssmoto_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_sigma#_note-ssmoto" title="">[4]</a></sup> Motorola has reported over US$17 billion in savings<sup id="_ref-motsaving_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_sigma#_note-motsaving" title="">[5]</a></sup> from Six Sigma <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_of_2006" title="As of 2006">as of 2006</a>.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">In addition to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>, companies that also adopted Six Sigma methodologies early-on and continue to practice it today include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_America" title="Bank of America">Bank of America</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar%2C_Inc." title="Caterpillar, Inc.">Caterpillar</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell_International" title="Honeywell International">Honeywell International</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Signal" title="Allied Signal">Allied Signal</a>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raytheon" title="Raytheon">Raytheon</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrill_Lynch" title="Merrill Lynch">Merrill Lynch</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3M" title="3M">3M</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Welch" title="Jack Welch">Jack Welch</a>). (previously known as (introduced by</span> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ref: Wikipedia.<br /></p>Author: Taha Zamirpour, MEng., MBB, MBAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08064568397261794257noreply@blogger.com0